Deciphering Cummings

• Norman Friedman's E. E. Cummings: The Art of His Poetry (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1960),
• Rushworth M. Kidder's E. E. Cummings: An Introduction to the Poetry (New York: Columbia UP, 1979),
• Richard S. Kennedy's E. E. Cummings Revisited (New York: Twayne, 1994), and
• Robert E. Wegner's The Poetry and Prose of E. E. Cummings (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1965.

Collections of critical essays on Cummings:

• Baum, S. V., ed. ESTI:eec: E. E. Cummings and the Critics. East Lansing: Michigan State UP, 1962.
• Dendinger, Lloyd N., ed. E.E. Cummings: The Critical Reception. Burt Franklin: New York, 1981.
• Friedman, Norman, ed. E. E. Cummings: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1972.
• Rotella, Guy, ed. Critical Essays on E. E. Cummings. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1984.

Biographies: Readers’ enjoyment and comprehension of the poetry will be greatly increased by a good working knowledge of Cummings' life. To an unusual degree, Cummings attempted to inhabit the self that he depicted in his poems. The best biographical source is Richard S. Kennedy's Dreams in the Mirror: A Biography of E. E. Cummings (New York: Liveright, 1980). Charles Norman's biography The Magic Maker (1958; reissued, 1972) is also useful at times. Cummings himself wrote three books with autobiographical elements. The Enormous Room and Eimi are both memoirs, while i: six nonlectures could be described as a poetic autobiography.

Additional works: As readers of poetry know, the joy of interpreting a poem has only begun once one has successfully decoded its recondite references and allusions. However, in addition to paying attention to the usual poetic devices of figurative language, rhyme, and meter, readers of Cummings must also be alert to three special techniques:

• Cummings' unusual and characteristic deformations of syntax and grammar. Readers wishing to know more about this subject should consult Irene Fairley's E. E. Cummings and Ungrammar (New York: Watermill, 1975) and anything written by Richard D. Cureton listed in "Works Cited."
• Cummings' special visual placement of the "poem-picture" on the page. Various iconic devices and word-splittings can turn seemingly simple poetic objects into extremely complex and challenging adventures in reading. Consult chapter 4 of Norman Friedman's E. E. Cummings: The Art of His Poetry (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1960), Richard D. Cureton's "Visual Form in E. E. Cummings' No Thanks," and chapters 5 and 6 of Michael Webster's Reading Visual Poetry after Futurism (New York: Peter Lang, 1995). See also Milton Cohen's PoetandPainter: The Aesthetics of E. E. Cummings's Early Work (Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1987) and Webster's articles "E. E. Cummings and the Reader: Technique as Critique," and "'singing is silence': Being and Nothing in the Visual Poetry of E. E. Cummings."
• Cummings' "particular conceptual vocabulary" (Friedman, Art 166). Cummings uses words such as "now," "dream," "moon," (and many others) in a highly idiosyncratic fashion. The best elucidation of this conceptual vocabulary remains Norman Friedman's E. E. Cummings: The Art of His Poetry. Martin Heusser's I Am My Writing: The Poetry of E. E. Cummings (Tübingen: Stauffenburg Verlag, 1997) both complements and contrasts with Friedman's work.

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