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Formal models are models that, in a sense, are concrete as opposed to being abstract. That is, they are more rigid and less flexible than mental models. They are changed only consciously so there is more intent involved with changing them. There are many types of formal models. Written word models or descriptions, species lists, block diagrams, pictograms, flow charts, cause and effect models or diagrams, concept maps, matrix models with or without equations, mathematical models written on paper or programmed into a computer, simulations, systems dynamics models charted on paper and or programed into a computer, Stella¨ models, etc.
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